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Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, BCC239, The Scripps Research Institute [B-H. J., J. Z. Z., P. K. V.], and Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies [G. J., Z. L., T. H.], La Jolla, California 92037
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway has inherent oncogenic potential. It is up-regulated in diverse human cancers by either a gain of function in PI3K itself or in its downstream target Akt or by a loss of function in the negative regulator PTEN. However, the complete consequences of this up-regulation are not known. Here we show that insulin and epidermal growth factor or an inactivating mutation in the tumor suppressor PTEN specifically increase the protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1
but not of HIF-1ß in human cancer cell lines. This specific elevation of HIF-1 protein expression requires PI3K signaling. In the prostate carcinoma-derived cell lines PC-3 and DU145, insulin- and epidermal growth factor-induced expression of HIF-1 was inhibited by the PI3K-specific inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin in a dose-dependent manner. HIF-1ß expression was not affected by these inhibitors. Introduction of wild-type PTEN into the PTEN-negative PC-3 cell line specifically inhibited the expression of HIF-1 but not that of HIF-1ß. In contrast to the HIF-1 protein, the level of HIF-1 mRNA was not significantly affected by PI3K signaling. Vascular endothelial growth factor reporter gene activity was induced by insulin in PC-3 cells and was inhibited by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and by the coexpression of a HIF-1 dominant negative construct. Vascular endothelial growth factor reporter gene activity was also inhibited by expression of a dominant negative PI3K construct and by the tumor suppressor PTEN.
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S. J. Welsh, R. R. Williams, A. Birmingham, D. J. Newman, D. L. Kirkpatrick, and G. Powis The Thioredoxin Redox Inhibitors 1-Methylpropyl 2-Imidazolyl Disulfide and Pleurotin Inhibit Hypoxia-induced Factor 1{alpha} and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Formation Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2003; 2(3): 235 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. C. A. Duyndam, S. T. M. Hulscher, E. van der Wall, H. M. Pinedo, and E. Boven Evidence for a Role of p38 Kinase in Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1-independent Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression by Sodium Arsenite J. Biol. Chem., February 21, 2003; 278(9): 6885 - 6895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Ahmad, A. Ahmad, E. Gerasimovskaya, K. R. Stenmark, C. B. Allen, and C. W. White Hypoxia Protects Human Lung Microvascular Endothelial and Epithelial-like Cells against Oxygen Toxicity: Role of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., February 1, 2003; 28(2): 179 - 187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. D. Burroughs, J. Oh, J. C. Barrett, and R. P. DiAugustine Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Mek1/2 Are Necessary for Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I-Induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Synthesis in Prostate Epithelial Cells: A Role for Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1? Mol. Cancer Res., February 1, 2003; 1(4): 312 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Kietzmann, A. Samoylenko, U. Roth, and K. Jungermann Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and hypoxia response elements mediate the induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression by insulin in primary rat hepatocytes Blood, February 1, 2003; 101(3): 907 - 914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Gao, B.-H. Jiang, S. S. Leonard, L. Corum, Z. Zhang, J. R. Roberts, J. Antonini, J. Z. Zheng, D. C. Flynn, V. Castranova, et al. p38 Signaling-mediated Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1alpha and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induction by Cr(VI) in DU145 Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells J. Biol. Chem., November 15, 2002; 277(47): 45041 - 45048. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. C. Hudson, M. Liu, G. G. Chiang, D. M. Otterness, D. C. Loomis, F. Kaper, A. J. Giaccia, and R. T. Abraham Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha} Expression and Function by the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Mol. Cell. Biol., October 15, 2002; 22(20): 7004 - 7014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Welsh, W. T. Bellamy, M. M. Briehl, and G. Powis The Redox Protein Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) Increases Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1{alpha} Protein Expression: Trx-1 Overexpression Results in Increased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production and Enhanced Tumor Angiogenesis Cancer Res., September 1, 2002; 62(17): 5089 - 5095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Gao, M. Ding, J. Z. Zheng, Z. Zhang, S. S. Leonard, K. J. Liu, X. Shi, and B.-H. Jiang Vanadate-induced Expression of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1alpha and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor through Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway and Reactive Oxygen Species J. Biol. Chem., August 23, 2002; 277(35): 31963 - 31971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. A. Seta, Z. Spicer, Y. Yuan, G. Lu, and D. E. Millhorn Responding to Hypoxia: Lessons From a Model Cell Line Sci. Signal., August 20, 2002; 2002(146): re11 - re11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kaluz, M. Kaluzova, A. Chrastina, P. L. Olive, S. Pastorekova, J. Pastorek, M. I. Lerman, and E. J. Stanbridge Lowered Oxygen Tension Induces Expression of the Hypoxia Marker MN/Carbonic Anhydrase IX in the Absence of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1{alpha} Stabilization: A Role for Phosphatidylinositol 3'-Kinase Cancer Res., August 1, 2002; 62(15): 4469 - 4477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Seshadri, P. L. Fox, and C. K. Mukhopadhyay Dual Role of Insulin in Transcriptional Regulation of the Acute Phase Reactant Ceruloplasmin J. Biol. Chem., July 26, 2002; 277(31): 27903 - 27911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Treins, S. Giorgetti-Peraldi, J. Murdaca, G. L. Semenza, and E. Van Obberghen Insulin Stimulates Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 through a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Target of Rapamycin-dependent Signaling Pathway J. Biol. Chem., July 26, 2002; 277(31): 27975 - 27981. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. B. Knobbe, A. Merlo, and G. Reifenberger Pten signaling in gliomas Neuro-oncol, July 1, 2002; 4(3): 196 - 211. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. M. Arsham, D. R. Plas, C. B. Thompson, and M. C. Simon Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Is Neither Required for Hypoxic Stabilization of HIF-1alpha nor Sufficient for HIF-1-dependent Target Gene Transcription J. Biol. Chem., April 19, 2002; 277(17): 15162 - 15170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Alvarez-Tejado, A. Alfranca, J. Aragones, A. Vara, M. O. Landazuri, and L. del Peso Lack of Evidence for the Involvement of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway in the Activation of Hypoxia-inducible Factors by Low Oxygen Tension J. Biol. Chem., April 12, 2002; 277(16): 13508 - 13517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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